Fusion-Based Segmentation and Classification of Novel Coronavirus or Pneumonia from Chest X-ray Images Using Machine Learning Techniques

The deadfall widespread of coronavirus (SARS-Co V-2) disease has trembled every part of the earth and has significant disruption to health support systems in different countries. In spite of such existing difficulties and disagreements for testing the coronavirus disease, an advanced and low-cost technique is required to classify the disease. For the sense of reason, supervised machine learning (ML) along with image processing has turned out as a strong technique to detect coronavirus from human chest X-rays. In this work, the different methodologies to identify coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) are discussed. It is essential to expand a fully automatic detection system to restrict the carrying of the virus load through contact. Various deep learning structures are present to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus such as ResNet50, Inception-ResNet-v2, AlexNet, Vgg19, etc. A dataset of 10,040 samples has been used in which the count of SARS-CoV-2, pneumonia and normal images are 2143, 3674, and 4223 respectively. The model designed by fusion of neural network and HOG transform had an accuracy of 98.81% and a sensitivity of 98.65%. © 2022 IEEE.

Subnational governments and COVID management

In the backdrop of COVID, this paper is the first to investigate the role of different classes of indicators at the subnational (state) levels in managing the crisis, which would augment the role played by the central governments. Three distinct time periods are considered between August and November 2020. We sample three amongst the worst affected countries viz, India, Mexico and USA, belonging to three different stages of development. First, a meta frontier analysis with state level data is attempted to estimate the efficiency of COVID management using DEA. Country level efficiency scores increase over time indicating a positive role of experience in crisis management. The states in USA performed consistently better compared to states in other countries. An exploratory median analysis in the second stage shows that finance, development and governance indicators at the subnational levels prove to impact the performance in COVID management in varying degrees. © 2023

A Novel SARS-COV-2 Variant Omicron Disseminating Evaluation

Omicron is a relatively new form of COVID-19 that has created an unavoidable and life-threatening situation to the entire world since late 2021. Absence of appropriate vaccination, medication, the epidemiological cycle has become more complex. This study primarily concentrates on the analysis of genome sequence for COVID-19 variants. To conduct such analysis, two datasets are collected from Kaggle and GISAID. Using these datasets, the globally existing genome sequences are identified and insights regarding the countries that are carrying significantly higher genome sequence count are provided. This investigation analyzes the worldwide virus variants and further identifies that the United States and United Kingdom are the countries where proper inspection should be provided because of the genome sequence count. An adequate idea regarding the mutations of the Omicron virus is also considered in this study. To address this issue, recent genome sequence data ranging from February, 2022 to 10th March, 2022 is analyzed to understand how the latest arrival, Omicron, is perturbing the world. This study emphasizes on the constant surveillance of genome sequences among all the countries which in turn will benefit the health care professionals and frontline healthcare workers as well as the Governments can take necessary policies and precautions to combat such pandemic. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Predictors of in-hospital mortality in COVID-19: a study across two peripheral district general hospitals in UK

Aim: The mortality from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has remained a significant medical challenge. Internationally, patient demographics and pre-existing co-morbidities are significant determinants of mortality from COVID-19. The mortality-risk in a local population is difficult to determine. The objective of our study is to examine the risk posed by epidemiological and demographic variables, and co-morbidities in our local population. Method: A retrospective, observational study was conducted on confirmed COVID-19 patients, identified from the local microbiology database. A search of the electronic patient records was performed to collect demographic details and co-morbidities. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis of the demographic variables and co-morbidities were utilised to calculate the predictive-risk for in-hospital mortality of adult COVID-19 patients. Results: Final analysis included 263 samples. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed using age as an independent categorical predictor with two cohorts - those <60 and those 60 years old. Age (X2 =17.12, p<0.001) was found to be an independent predictor of mortality - this was independent of sex (X2 =1.784, p<0.182). Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score was found to be a significant predictor of adverse outcome. The odds of death for patients with CCI scores 0-4 was less than half (44.8%) of those with CCI scores 5 (p=0.005). Patients with no pre-existing medical conditions had a lower mortality-risk (OR=0.181, p=0.022) than those with known medical conditions. Pre-existing renal disease predicted a poor outcome (OR=1.996, p=0.027). The odds of death for the patients coming from their own-home was only 26% of the odds for those from a longterm care-home. Long-term care facility, advanced age (OR=1.058, p <0.001), and long-term oral steroid (OR=3.412, p=0.016) use were all associated with a poor prognosis. Conclusion: People aged 60 years, residence in a long-term care-home, pre-existing renal diseases, a high CCI score and long-term oral steroids use were associated with an increased mortality-risk.

Exploring the art of medical photography - an otolaryngologist's perspective.

BACKGROUND: Modern day otolaryngology has expanded beyond the ear, nose and throat to include head and neck surgery and aesthetic facial procedures. Photographic documentation is important within this expanded horizon. The spectrum of clinical photography includes photomicrographs, endoscopic photographs, peri-operative photography and medical social photography. METHOD: This article aimed to review the standard guidelines essential to obtain, store and disseminate photographs and looked at setting up a small clinic with minimal gadgets to suit clinical photography requirements. Elaboration of basic photography techniques in otolaryngology was reviewed, with examples of photographs taken in a clinic by a clinician. Advances and innovation in clinical photography, in the form of smartphone photography, artificial intelligence, device editing and newer hardware and software in otorhinolaryngology was reviewed. CONCLUSION: Having a professional photographer to aid a clinician is a luxury. Simple knowledge and regular practice of basic photography guidelines by a clinician is imperative.

Treatment adherence of patients with rheumatoid arthritis during Covid-19 pandemic

Background: Covid-19 impacted not only people's lives but also slowed down the healthcare delivery system and supply chain leading to a global drug shortage.1 According to the Ministry of Statistics, India's growth in the year 2020 went down by 3.1% because of the pandemic, which impacted patient's capacity to continue with the expenditure related to chronic disease management. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) for a patient comes with a out-of- pocket high cost long term immunosuppressive medicine and increased chances of secondary infections leads to non-adherence of patients. The current study is to observe the adherence to Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors in a hospital-based rheumatology service in Eastern India during the Covid-19 pandemic period. Method(s): Data of the patients enrolled physically and electronically under active follow-up in the Rheumatology Outpatient Department (OPD) of the hospital were analyzed.2 The patients with a confirmed diagnosis of RA, receiving JAK inhibitors for 6 months or more were included in the study from 21st March 2020 to 31st July 2020. A questionnaire was also administered to these patients to understand the impact of Covid-19 on the treatment of RA. Data related to demographic features, clinical, laboratory, drug history, and current treatment were collected and statistically analyzed. Result(s): Out of the total 42 patients (aged 38-76 years) who received JAK inhibitors, 24 (6 were COVID positive) were seen with the OPD during the Covid-19 pandemic. In our study, a higher proportion of patients with an annual income of INR 1M-1.5M had a 15% income decrement (Figure 1), though the patient adherence to JAK inhibitors was high compared to biologics, even in the patients who faced up to 25% reduction in annual income. Out of 24, only 4 patients stopped the treatment with JAK inhibitors due to the limited availability during the initial period of the lockdown. Overall patient adherence to JAK inhibitor treatment was 85% and was higher compared to the biologics (previous data). There was higher non-adherence in the biologic group at lower-income slabs (5-10 Lacs & 10-25 Lacs group) than in the higher income slabs, compared to JAK inhibitors inspite of better availability. Higher-income groups showed lower non-adherence in both groups. Conclusion(s): In the milieu of the Covid-19 pandemic, the treatment adherence in patients with RA was driven by the cost and availability of the medication amidst the pandemic. The association of injectable biologics with higher immunosuppression in patients perception during pandemic also affected the treatment adherence in patients. Thus it can be concluded that patient perception and availability were the main driving factor in adherence to RA therapy.

A Domain Specific Parallel Corpus and Enhanced English-Assamese Neural Machine Translation

Machine translation deals with automatic translation from one natural language to another. Neural machine translation is a widely accepted technique of the corpus-based machine translation approach. However, an adequate amount of training data is required, and there is a need for the domain-wise parallel corpus to improve translational performance that shows translational coverages in various domains. In this work, a domain-specific parallel corpus is prepared that includes different domain coverages, namely, Agriculture, Government Office, Judiciary, Social Media, Tourism, COVID-19, Sports, and Literature domains for low-resource English-Assamese pair translation. Moreover, we have tackled data scarcity and word-order divergence problems via data augmentation and prior alignment concept. Also, we have contributed Assamese pretrained LM, Assamese word-embeddings by utilizing Assamese monolingual data, and a bilingual dictionary-based post-processing step to enhance transformer-based neural machine translation. We have achieved state-of-the-art results for both forward (English-to-Assamese) and backward (Assamese-to-English) directions of translation.

Theory-Guided Bayesian Analysis for Modeling Impact of COVID-19 on Gross Domestic Product

GDP or Gross Domestic Product is a key indicator of economic status, which provides an omni-comprehensive measure of the wealth of a country or a state. With the sudden proliferation of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), there has been increasing interest in forecasting GDP, since this may be severely impacted by the various pandemic control measures imposed in recent days. An accurate forecast of GDP can extensively help in putting forth right administrative measures while ensuring minimum disruption in economy. Though the recent researches focus on various machine learning-based data-driven models for this purpose, these primarily analyze the change in observed GDP data without explicitly modeling the pandemic impact. We address this issue by proposing a novel approach that incorporates epidemiological insights into Bayesian network-based predictive analytics to account for the influence of COVID-19 development on the GDP. Rigorous experimentation on state-level and country-level datasets of India demonstrates that a judicious combination of theoretical and data-driven models can substantially improve GDP forecast performance. Our model produces an average prediction error of 0.002% and outperforms several state-of-the-art techniques with a large margin. © 2022 IEEE.

Global Level of Harm experienced by Bariatric Surgeons for Bariatrics surgical interventions: An exploration of predictors

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has taken the world by surprise with the depth and breadth of its effect on all walks of life, bariatric surgery being no exception. With the scientific literature hitherto unable to comment and ascertain the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on bariatric surgery and the level of harm experienced by bariatric surgeons, we- TUGS 'Level of Harm' collaborative group- attempted to gauge the effect of the said pandemic on bariatrics surgery specifically vis a vis the level of harm experienced by bariatric surgeons due to the pandemic. Method(s): A virtual questionnaire- developed on both: Google forms and Survey Monkey- was circulated via TUGS social media platforms to reach bariatric consultant surgeons, fellows and residents practising throughout the world in a bid to explore the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on their surgical practice including but not limited to the annual surgical volume including re-do surgeries volume and postoperative complications. Moreover, they were also requested to categorise their respective level of harm vis a vis bariatric surgical interventions they undertake. After de-identification of the data, SPSS (V.26) was adopted to undergo statistical analysis. After exploring the dataset by descriptive analyses, the Chi-square test was applied to pursue the association of categorical variables with the reported level of harm. A double-sided p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result(s): 16.8% of the respondents (21/125) indicated no harm vis a vis bariatrics surgery work whereas a comparative 18.4% of the respondents (23/125) reported moderate harm with significant worsening of symptoms. None of those who indicated less than 10% increase in surgery waitlisted patients being subjected to endoscopic interventions (0/14) reported Moderate Harm for bariatrics surgery work with significant worsening of symptoms whereas 1 in every 3 of those who indicated between 10% to 25% increase in surgery waitlisted patients being subjected to endoscopic interventions (5/15) reported such level of harm for bariatrics surgery work. (p < 0.001) Upon exhaustive sub-group analysis, it was uncovered that 33.6% of bariatrics surgical professionals perceived no harm (no evidence of change in clinical condition) during gastric band or related surgery work with only 4% perceiving Moderate Harm (significant worsening of symptoms/ comorbidities control/ minor increase in medications) for such surgical interventions. All of those who reported No harm for gastric band or related surgical work reported that Single anastomosis duodeno-ileal bypass (SADI-S) accounts for 10% of their practice whereas none of those who indicated that SADI-S accounts for more than 10% of their practice reported No harm for such surgical work. (p = 0.019) Conclusion(s): The global snapshot illustrates a trend of low harm vis a vis bariatrics surgery work in surgical professionals practising in the private sector with a lesser number of patients developing COVID-19 postoperatively and no postoperative COVID-19 related mortality. The patient being subjected to endoscopic intervention portends a higher level of harm for bariatrics surgical work- strict adherence to criteria and safety protocols being a logical inference. For gastric band and related surgery work, preoperative COVID-19 testing appears to be influenced by confounders in its effect on the surgeon's level of harm for the said interventions warranting further exploration. SADI-S, at a cut-off of 10%, exhibits strong interaction with the surgeon's level of harm for gastric band insertion and relation surgery work. Women surgical professionals came out to exhibit equivalent mental resilience and technical prowess at par with their male colleagues when it came to bariatrics surgical intervention.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on 30-day survival in pediatric cancer patients in low, middle, and high-income countries: an international, observational cohort study

Objectives: To conduct the first international cohort study to ascertain the short-term outcome for pediatric oncology patients who underwent treatment across 16 high-income countries (HICs) and 23 low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The hypotheses being tested was that the COVID-19 pandemic had affected paediatric cancer care, and that the outcomes of children were worse in LMICs. Design: A multicenter, international, collaborative cohort study. Setting: 91 hospitals and cancer centers in 39 countries providing cancer treatment to pediatric patients between March and December 2020. Participants: Patients were included if they were under the age of 18 years, and newly diagnosed with or undergoing active cancer treatment for Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Wilms Tumor, Sarcoma, Retinoblastoma, Gliomas, Medulloblastomas or Neuroblastomas, in keeping with the World Health Organization Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer. Main outcome measure: All-cause mortality at 30 days and 90 days Results: 1660 patients were recruited. Over 30 days, 45 LMIC patients (4.3%;95% CI: 3.1 to 5.5) and 2 HIC patients (0.4%;95% CI: -0.1 to 0.9) died. 219 children had their treatments delayed, interrupted, or modified. LMIC patients had 11.7 (95% CI: 10.3 to 13.1) and 7.4 (95% CI: 6.5 to 8.3) times the risk of death at 30 days and 90 days respectively (p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, pediatric cancer patients in LMICs had 35.7 times the odds of death at 30 days (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected pediatric oncology service provision. It has disproportionately affected patients in LMICs, highlighting and compounding existing disparities in healthcare systems globally that need addressing urgently. However, most pediatric cancer patients continued to receive their normal standard of care. This speaks to the adaptability and resilience of health-care systems and healthcare workers globally.

Evaluation of the Dynamics of Large Scale COVID-19 Related Literature through Bibliometric Analysis from a Mathematical Standpoint

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of the published articles and preprints of Covid-19 related literature from different scientific databases and sharing platforms. The PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ResearchGate (RG) databases were under consideration in this study over a specific time. Analyses were carried out on the number of publications as (a) function of time (day), (b) journals and (c) authors. Doubling time of the number of publications was analyzed for PubMed "all articles" and ScienceDirect published articles. Analyzed databases were (1A) PubMed (01/12/2019-12/06/2020) "all_articles" (16) PubMed Review articles) and (1C) PubMed Clinical Trials (2) ScienceDirect all publications (01/12/2019- 25/05/2020) (3) RG (Article, Pre Print, Technical Report) (15/04/2020 - 30/4/2020). Total publications in the observation period for PubMed, ScienceDirect, and RG were 23000, 5898 and 5393 respectively. The average number of publications/day for PubMed, ScienceDirect and RG were 70.0 +/- 128.6, 77.6 +/- 125.3 and 255.6 +/- 205.8 respectively. PubMed shows an avalanche in the number of publications around May 10, the number of publications jumped from 6.0 +/- 8.4/day to 282.5 +/- 110.3/ day. The average doubling time for PubMed, ScienceDirect, and RG was 10.3 +/- 4 days, 20.6 days, and 2.3 +/- 2.0 days respectively. The average number of publications per author for PubMed, ScienceDirect, and RG was 1.2 +/- 1.4, 1.3 +/- 0.9, and 1.1 +/- 0.4 respectively. Subgroup analysis, PubMed review articles mean review <0 vertical bar 17 +/- 17 vertical bar 77> days: and reducing at a rate of -0.21 days (count)/day. The number of publications related to the COVID-19 until now is huge and growing very fast with time. It is essential to rationalize and limit the publications.

Waterlogging mitigation and safe water supply: lessons learnt from low-lying areas of Basirhat municipality, India

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop a replicable model that ensures Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage as well as water treatment facilities at the community level by providing total service coverage at community scale. An intervention was implemented in one of the low-lying areas of Basirhat Municipality (West Bengal, India) that included a number of action programs in order to address household- and community-level water-induced challenges. Design/methodology/approach A research study was undertaken to identify the root causes of the problems that are generally spawned from geomorphological, hydro-fluvial, climatic factors and processes and the situation becomes complicated when many other cumulative problem-contexts layovers the existing ones. A number of social and technological innovations were tested in the field and this paper critically examined the intervention processes and outcomes. It was implemented through participatory process by involving related stakeholders working at that scale so that necessary public acceptance is received for scaling up, at least, in the similar physical, social, economic and institutional contexts. Findings The problem conceptualization process, spatial assessment for contextualizing the problem, design of interventions for different scales, development of project deployment strategies from field-based learnings contributed in developing a total solution based on fusing of household-level technical solutions, social innovations and actions for community engagements towards sustainability. Mobilized community members in addressing local inundation and waterlogging crisis. Satellite image-based maps shown to make them understand the upper-lower connection of drainage. People also developed their own action plans and engaged themselves in resuscitation of an old canal, removed the garbage that resulted in improved drainage conditions in the area. Research limitations/implications Pandemic due to COVID 19 and its related prolonged lock down, West Bengal State Assembly Election, closure of municipal governance system due to the forthcoming municipal election, closure of educational institutions, closure of Anganwadi Centre in the field area were the limitations. Due to the lock down, it was difficult for the team to maintain the time frame as well as the budget. As per the Election's Code of Conduct gets released no public meeting was allowed without permission, people in the vicinity became suspicious, hence movement of the team members got restricted. Practical implications Due to the COVID protocols, the team could not organise mass training programs. It was difficult for the team members to commute in public/private transport, hence filed work got impacted. As the team could not access data from the health department, they developed a strategy of generation data on body mass index, mid-upper arm circumferences and waist-to-hip ratios to understand the status of health and nutrition of the community. It was difficult to access the Public Health Engineering Department's laboratory situated in the municipality for water sample test. Cost escalated due to extension of the project time. Social implications During the second phase (wave) when people lost access to health facilities they requested the team to stop field visit. Women's empowerment through acquiring knowledge and skill on treatment and safe storage of drinking water at home. Men appreciated and recognized this, which improved the status of women in the society. Children after expressing their willingness to learn the new technology of water purification were given handholding training by their mothers and knowledge transfer has taken place in the next generation. Mobilized community members in addressing local inundation and waterlogging crisis. Satellite image-based maps to understand the upper-lower connection of drainage helped them develop their own action plans and engaged themselves in resuscitation of an old canal, removed the garbage that resulted in improved drainage conditions in the area. Originality/value Household-level solutions include supply of low cost, easy operable, sustainable water purifiers, community-level solution focused on securing water-related challenges at social/public gathering places and wider catchment area level solutions include the engagement of local communities to drain out stagnant waters by clearing drains, creating/digging small canals through collective actions. Geo-spatial techniques (topographical mapping, spatial survey, water quality tests) along with social methods such as participatory appraisals for gathering information on human health, public awareness campaigns and partnership development with local government agencies were the major activities performed as part of the implementation of interventions. It is imperative to mention that water-related challenges in the low-lying settlement areas of Basirhat Municipality have effectively been addressed by relying on necessary theoretical underpinnings (Disaster risk reduction/humanitarian principles) transmitted through application of scientific techniques and mediated through local people and their agencies.

A Brief Outline of COVID 19 Specific Therapy in Hospitalised Patients In India

COVID 19 pandemic has a significant impact on global public health and economies. Scientists and researchers all over the world are endeavouring in search of specific drug against COVID19 virus. For a novel emerging virus, specific antiviral drug takes time before its approval for clinical use as RCTs are expensive and time consuming. In Indian perspective, many drugs which are currently under clinical trial are unavailable. Reviewing available published and unpublished papers, we intend to throw light on the drugs that can be used in the interim in India till further evidence come. Pending sufficient evidence remdesivir, favipirvair,tocilizumab,lopinavir-ritonavir with or without ribavirin;hydroxychloroquine or convalescent plasma can be considered. © 2020 Indian Medical Association. All rights reserved.

Medical students' mood adversely affected by COVID-19 pandemic: An interim analysis from the SPICE-19 prospective cohort study of 2075 medical students and interim foundation doctors

Background: Currently, we can only speculate on what the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have been on medical students and interim foundation year doctors. In order to support them appropriately both now and, in the future, it is imperative that we understand the impact it has had upon them. This study assessed the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students and interim foundation year doctors across the United Kingdom (UK), and the support that they received and sought. Methods: A prospective, observational, multicentre study was conducted. All medical students and interim foundation year doctors were eligible to participate. The data analysis was carried out as detailed a priori in the protocol. Findings: A total of 2075 individuals participated in the SPICE-19 survey from 33 medical schools. There was a significant (p<0.0001) decrease in participants' mood when comparing their mood before the pandemic to during the pandemic. Social distancing and more time at home/with family were the factors that negatively and positively respectively impacted the mood of the greatest number of participants. All areas of life included in the survey were found to have been significantly more negatively impacted than positively impacted (p<0.0001). 931 participants wanted more support from their university. Participants were mainly seeking support with exam preparation, course material, and financial guidance. Discussion: Medical and foundation schools need to prepare adequate and effective support. If no action is taken, there may be a knock-on effect on workforce planning and the health of our future workforce. When medical students return to their universities, there is likely to be need for enhanced wellbeing support, adaptations in the short-term and long-term strategies for medical education, and provision of financial guidance.

Cross sectional survey of medical student volunteering and education during the coronavirus pandemic in the United Kingdom

Introduction: COVID-19 led to global disruption of healthcare and many students volunteered to provide clinical support. Volunteering to work was a unique medical education opportunity;however, it is unknown whether this was a positive learning experience. Methods: The COVID Ready 2 study is a national cross-sectional study of all medical students at UK medical schools. We will compare opinions of those who did and did not volunteer to determine the educational benefit and issues they faced. We will use thematic analysis to identify themes in qualitative responses, in addition to quantitative analysis. Results: The primary objective is to explore the effect of volunteering during the pandemic on medical education in comparison to those who did not volunteer. Our secondary objectives are to identify: whether students would be willing to assume similar roles in a non-pandemic setting;if students found the experience more or less beneficial than traditional hospital placements and reasons for this;what the perceived benefits and disadvantages of volunteering were;the difference in perceived preparedness between students who did and did not volunteer for foundation training year one and the next academic year;training received by volunteers;and to explore issues associated with volunteering, including safety issues and issues with role and competence. Conclusions: We anticipate this study will help identify volunteer structures that have been beneficial for students, so that similar infrastructures can be used in the future;and help determine whether formal voluntary roles should be introduced into the non-pandemic medical curriculum.

A study to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric cancer patients: An international, multicentre, observational cohort study (COVID Paeds Cancer)

Introduction: Childhood cancers are a leading cause of non-communicable disease deaths for paediatric patients around the world. The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted on global children's cancer services, which can have consequences for childhood cancer outcomes. The Global Health Research Group on Children's Non-Communicable Diseases (Global Children's NCDs) is currently undertaking the first international study to determine the variation in paediatric cancer management during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the short to medium term impacts on childhood cancer outcomes. Methods and analysis: This is a multicentre, international, cohort study that will use routinely collected hospital data in a de-identified and anonymised form. Patients will be recruited consecutively into the study, with a 12-month follow-up period. Patients will be included if they are below the age of 18 years and undergoing anti-cancer treatment for the following cancers: Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, Burkitt's Lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Wilms Tumour, Sarcoma, Retinoblastoma, Gliomas, Medulloblastomas and Neuroblastomas. Patients must be newly presented or be undergoing active anti-cancer treatment from the 12th March 2020 to the 12th December 2020. The primary objective of the study is to determine 30-and 90-day all-cause mortality rates. This study will examine the factors that influenced these outcomes. Chi-squared analysis will be used to compare mortality between low and middle-income countries and high-income countries. Multilevel, multivariate logistic regression analysis will be undertaken to identify patient-level and hospital-level factors affecting outcomes with adjustment for confounding factors. Ethics and dissemination: At the host centre, this study was deemed to be exempt from ethical committee approval due to the use of anonymised registry data. At other centres, participating collaborators have gained local approvals in accordance with their institutional ethical regulations. Collaborators will be encouraged to present the results locally, nationally, and internationally. The results will be submitted for publication in a peer reviewed journal.

Pharmacy Impact for Distinguishing Normal Face from Abnormal Face Due to COVID-19

In today's world face detection is the most important task. Due to the chromosomes disorder sometimes a human face suffers from different abnormalities. In the recent scenario, the entire globe is facing enormous health risks occurred due to Covid-19. To fight against this deadly disease, consumption of drugs is essential. Consumption of drugs may provide some abnormalities to human face. For example, one eye is bigger than the other, cliff face, different chin-length, variation of nose length, length or width of lips are different, etc. To assess these human face abnormalities, the application of computer vision is favoured in this study. This work analyses an input image of human's frontal face and performs a segregation method to separate the abnormal faces. In this research work, a method has been proposed that can detect normal or abnormal faces from a frontal input image due to COVID-19. This method has used Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) and Discrete Cosine Transformation offrequency domain and spatialdomain analysis to detect those faces.

DietSN: A Body Sensor Network for Automatic Dietary Monitoring System

Now a days, E-health or electronic health monitoring system is one of the major applications of wireless body area network (WBAN). Body area network or body sensor network (BSN) is an evolving technology in computer sphere and performs exceedingly effective responsibility in the civilization, primarily in health service industries. BAN eases in examining crucial symptoms of a patient/elderly and can monitor his/her activities in routine life to deliver him/her a precise care. Owing to the epidemic of COVID-19, we are struggling through an unexpected adverse pandemic situation and now healthy lifestyle and disease preclusion are a socio-economic issue. Therefore, it is required to stay healthy and take balanced diet which can help us to gain immunity and protect us from severe ailments. In this paper, we are proposing a body area network for an automatic dietary monitoring system that can gather food intake information through image, audio, accelerometer sensors, and by analyzing these data, the system can measure the food type/volume, nutritional benefit of consumed food, and also the eating behavior of a person. The system is low-cost, scalable, and energy aware. We have implemented a prototype of our proposed BSN, named ‘DietSN.’ © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.